Currently, there is a serious rise in cases of Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) in China, raising concern among public health officials. This recent wave of respiratory infections comes in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, overcrowding hospitals, and warning of a multi-virus outbreak.
What is Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)?
HMPV is a respiratory virus that can affect any age. However, while mostly it produces a mild disease, the condition poses severe health threats for those groups that are at a high risk of vulnerability. Such populations include young children, the elderly, and individuals whose immunity has weakened.
Symptoms of HMPV
HMPV comes with symptoms that mimic the flu, thus being crucial to be knowledgeable on the following:
Cough: A chronic cough is the most frequent and sometimes even the most evident symptom of infection with HMPV.
Fever: Fever can vary from mild to high-grade.
Nasal Congestion: Stuffy or runny nose is another very common symptom related to HMPV.
Breathlessness: Sometimes, people are unable to breathe or experience wheezing.
Sore Throat: Sore throat can also be a symptom, though it is not always present.
In severe cases, HMPV can lead to more serious complications such as:
Bronchitis: Inflammation of the bronchial tubes.
Pneumonia: Infection of the lungs.
How Does HMPV Spread?
HMPV spreads through similar mechanisms as other respiratory viruses:
Respiratory Droplets: When the infected person coughs or sneezes, droplets with the virus are suspended in the atmosphere. Other people can inhale those droplets.
Direct Contact: Direct contact with an infected person by shaking hands or touching them can also cause a conveyance.
Contaminated Surfaces: HMPV can survive on surfaces for a period. Touching contaminated surfaces and then touching your eyes, nose, or mouth can lead to infection.
Who is at Increased Risk?
Certain groups are at a higher risk of experiencing severe HMPV infection:
Young Children: Infants and young children are particularly vulnerable to severe HMPV illness.
Elderly: Older adults have a weakened immune system, and hence they are prone to complications.
Immuno-compromised patients: Patients with conditions that weaken their immune system, such as HIV/AIDS or undergoing chemotherapy, are at risk.
Preventing the Spread of HMPV
Good hygiene practice is the way to prevent the spread of HMPV:
Frequent Hand Washing: Wash your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after coughing, sneezing, using the restroom, or before eating.
Avoid Touching Your Face: Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands.
Social Distancing: Keep away from people who are sick.
Cover Coughs and Sneezes: Use a tissue to cover your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezingThrow the tissue away and wash your hands immediately.
Clean and Disinfect: Clean and disinfect high-touch surfaces like doorknobs, countertops, and toys.
Treatment and Management of HMPV
HMPV is not available as an antiviral drug in the market at present. It is generally symptomatic management to prevent complications, which can be achieved by administering:
Fever Reducers: Medications such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen reduce fever and help alleviate discomfort.
Pain Relievers: Patients can take pain relievers such as over-the-counter medications, which help manage aches and pains due to HMPV.
Hydration: Fluid intake must be maintained; during feverish conditions, fluids are lost frequently, and replacement is necessary.
The patient may have to be admitted to the hospital for supportive treatment, such as oxygen therapy and assistance with respiration.
HMPV vs COVID-19: Key Similarities and Differences
HMPV and COVID-19 have some similarities:
Respiratory Illnesses: Both viruses mainly target the respiratory system, leading to symptoms like cough, fever, and shortness of breath.
Modes of Transmission: Both viruses can be spread through respiratory droplets, direct contact, and contaminated surfaces.
However, there are also key differences:
Causative Agents: HMPV is caused by the human metapneumovirus, while COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Seasonal Patterns: HMPV is seasonal, peaking in winter and spring, whereas COVID-19 can occur throughout the year.
Severity: Both can cause severe illness, but the severity of HMPV infection is generally lower than that of COVID-19.
Impact of COVID-19 Restrictions
The COVID-19 pandemic, with the resulting public health measures of lockdown and social distancing, may have been inadvertently fueling the recent wave of HMPV infections. This is due to the possible reduction in population-level immunity brought about by diminished exposure to several viruses during those periods.
The spate of cases lately in HMPV in China has brought home the need for constant vigilance and active public health measures. A better understanding of HMPV, its symptomatology, and prevention measures allows individuals to take measures to safeguard themselves and their communities against this respiratory virus.
Disclaimer: General information and for the benefit of general knowledge only. No medical professional advice is intended or implied. It is recommended to seek advice from a healthcare professional when experiencing health problems.
